For the Quarter Ending March 2026
Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Prices in North America
- In the USA, the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index rose by 3.69% quarter-over-quarter, prompting export-driven allocation.
- The average Linear Low Density Polyethylene price for the quarter was approximately USD 900.33/MT nationwide.
- Constrained availability and export demand pushed the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price upward, tightening logistics.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Forecast projects elevated offers as producers manage allocations amid cost pressures.
- Rising ethylene and LPG inputs shaped the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Production Cost Trend, squeezing margins.
- Cautious converter procurement and seasonal restocking shape the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Demand Outlook into Q1.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index movements mirrored strong export enquiry, prioritized shipments, compressing spot availability.
- Plant outages, weather, and port congestion reduced effective supply, strengthening seller leverage across Gulf Coast export channels.
Why did the price of Linear Low Density Polyethylene change in March 2026 in North America?
- Middle East tensions elevated crude prices, transmitting higher ethylene costs into domestic polymer production economics.
- Winter storms and unplanned outages curtailed regional output, tightening availability and lengthening lead times materially.
- Export procurement from Latin America and Europe diverted US volumes, amplifying scarcity and price pressure.
Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Prices in APAC
- In Japan, the LLDPE Price Index fell by 9.7% quarter-over-quarter due to muted demand domestically.
- The average LLDPE price for the quarter was approximately USD 1468.00/MT, based on reported totals.
- LLDPE Spot Price softened as ample inventories and cautious buying reduced prompt activity across converters.
- LLDPE Production Cost Trend turned higher as naphtha and crude inflation elevated ethylene feedstock costs.
- LLDPE Price Forecast suggests near-term firmness given tightening supply, though longer-term demand remains uncertain overall.
- LLDPE Demand Outlook remains muted as converters digest stocks while delay purchasing into spring production cycles.
- LLDPE Price Index rose in March driven by supply fears and restocking, tightening immediate availability.
- Cracker rate cuts and logistics delays tightened availability, prompting producers to prioritise domestic allocations instead.
Why did the price of LLDPE change in March 2026 in APAC?
- Rising crude and naphtha prices elevated ethylene costs, increasing LLDPE production expenses and pressuring margins.
- Cracker operating cuts and import reductions limited prompt supply, triggering precautionary restocking across regional converters.
- Logistics delays and strong packaging demand absorbed available cargoes, tightening spot market and lifting prices.
Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Prices in Europe
- In Germany, the Linear-Low-Density-Polyethylene Price Index rose by 13.53% quarter-over-quarter, driven by significant supply tightness.
- The average Linear-Low-Density-Polyethylene price for the quarter was approximately USD 1222.00/MT, delivered to Hamburg.
- Linear-Low-Density-Polyethylene Spot Price firmed as imports tightened and freight and insurance premiums raised landed costs.
- Linear-Low-Density-Polyethylene Price Forecast shows near-term firmness as restocking meets constrained prompt supply and limited imports.
- Linear-Low-Density-Polyethylene Production Cost Trend reflected higher ethylene and energy expenses, pressuring margins, including shipping pressures.
- Linear-Low-Density-Polyethylene Demand Outlook remains supported by packaging and film restocking, offset by weak automotive orders.
- Linear-Low-Density-Polyethylene Price Index volatility increased as regional shutdowns significantly tightened spot availability and freight hikes.
- Hamburg inventory drawdowns and stronger nearby export demand amplified short-term tightness for delivered FD offers.
Why did the price of Linear-Low-Density-Polyethylene change in March 2026 in Europe?
- Middle East conflict halted imports, immediately reducing regional supply and triggering precautionary restocking across Europe.
- Ethylene feedstock and energy cost increases raised production expenses, prompting run cuts and supply discipline.
- Logistics disruptions, higher freight and insurance premiums extended lead times, worsening spot tightness and pressure.
Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Prices in MEA
- In Saudi Arabia, the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index rose 4.5053% quarter-over-quarter, driven by exports.
- The average Linear Low Density Polyethylene price for the quarter was approximately USD 788.67/MT reported.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price volatility largely rose as constrained cargoes lifted regional Price Index.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Forecast expects significant firmness amid geopolitical risks and export logistics strain.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Production Cost Trend rose as ethylene and crude feedstock prices squeezed manufacturing margins.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Demand Outlook improved as Ramadan and restocking notably supported regional converter offtake.
- Elevated Price Index coincided with shrinking prompt inventories and reduced operating rates at Gulf plants.
- Export demand surge and precautionary buying actively lifted Al Jubail offers while converters kept need-based procurement.
Why did the price of Linear Low Density Polyethylene change in March 2026 in MEA?
- March tightening reflected supply disruptions, plant slowdowns and rerouted shipping increasing delivery times across routes.
- Rising ethylene and crude feedstock costs pushed up production expenses, creating cost-push for polymer makers.
- Heightened export competition and precautionary buying by Asian converters amplified prompt tightness and price momentum.
Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Prices in South America
- In Brazil, the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index rose by 2.8% quarter-over-quarter, reflecting firmer import parity.
- The average Linear Low Density Polyethylene price for the quarter was approximately USD 1027.67/MT, landed.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price remained range-bound early quarter while the Price Index signalled import-driven upward momentum.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Forecast indicates near-term firmness amid supply disruptions and selective buyer restocking activity.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Production Cost Trend rose with higher ethylene and freight inputs, pressuring export parity offers.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Demand Outlook remains steady with packaging and agricultural film demand supporting baseline consumption growth.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index reflected constrained imports, rising freight premiums, and reduced spot allocations.
- Traders reported comfortable local inventories early quarter, yet rapid importer restocking created short-term tightness and buying urgency.
Why did the price of Linear Low Density Polyethylene change in March 2026 in South America?
- US export disruptions and Gulf ethylene cost increases tightened import availability, lifting Santos landed values.
- Shipping delays, higher freight rates, war risk premiums extended transit times, raising procurement costs for Brazilian buyers.
- Buyers engaged in precautionary restocking amid uncertain supply, causing short-term buying spikes and reduced prompt availability.
For the Quarter Ending December 2025
North America
- In USA, the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index fell by 14.37% quarter-over-quarter, oversupply evident.
- The average Linear Low Density Polyethylene price for the quarter was approximately USD 868.33/MT reported.
- Manufacturers maintained output discipline, pressuring Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price and Price Index downward.
- Ethylene cost easing softened Linear Low Density Polyethylene Production Cost Trend and muted Price Forecast.
- Weak downstream demand shaped the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Demand Outlook and pressured Price Index.
- High inventories, mixed exports, and imports constrained offers, influencing Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Forecast.
- Cracker runs and start-ups reinforced Linear Low Density Polyethylene Production Cost Trend, pressuring Price Index.
- Seasonal packaging support was selective, yet Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price remained weak overall.
Why did the price of Linear Low Density Polyethylene change in December 2025 in North America?
- Persistent domestic production and improved import arrivals created surplus supply, driving December downward price pressure.
- Falling ethylene costs removed cost support while favorable logistics limited delivered cost increases to prices.
- High inventories and cautious converter buying, amid mixed export demand, constrained offtake and depressed bids.
APAC
- In Japan, the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index fell by 17.55% quarter-over-quarter, driven by oversupply.
- The average Linear Low Density Polyethylene price for the quarter was approximately USD 1626.00/MT, reported in Q4.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price weakened as converters delayed purchases, amplifying glut and lowering offers.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Forecast shows declines into December, gradual stabilization as seasonal restocking emerges.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Production Cost Trend eased as ethylene feedstock softened, reducing cost support overall.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Demand Outlook remains subdued as converters adopt lean inventories, limiting spot offtake.
- Inventories pressured the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index, prompting producers to offer modest discounts domestically.
- Major domestic producers maintained normal cracker rates, keeping output steady and contributing to persistent market oversupply.
Why did the price of Linear Low Density Polyethylene change in December 2025 in APAC?
- Strong domestic operating rates and ample imports increased available tonnage, intensifying supply overhang and pressuring prices.
- Falling ethylene feedstock costs removed cost-push support, allowing sellers to cut offers amid weak demand broadly.
- Holiday-related subdued trading and cautious converter procurement reduced spot liftings, limiting uptake and reinforcing downside momentum.
Europe
- In Germany, the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index fell by 8.0% quarter-over-quarter, reflecting oversupply.
- The average Linear Low Density Polyethylene price for the quarter was approximately USD 1076.33/MT reported.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price faced pressure from import flows and production, reducing leverage.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Forecast shows declines January as distributors discount excess stocks ahead.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Production Cost Trend eased as lower ethylene prices supported producer margins.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Demand Outlook remains subdued with weak packaging and selective automotive support.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index eased as logistics and plant runs reduced import competition.
- Inventories tightened late December as constrained MOL polyethylene supply and transport frictions increased procurement competition.
Why did the price of Linear Low Density Polyethylene change in December 2025 in Europe?
- Surging imports and domestic production created surplus availability, weakening negotiating leverage and pressuring FD values.
- Lower ethylene feedstock costs eased producers' margins, while transport constraints and schedules tightened prompt supplies.
- Selective automotive and packaging demand increased procurement urgency, but broader industrial weakness limited price gains.
MEA
- In Saudi Arabia, the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index fell by 16.0% quarter-over-quarter, driven by oversupply.
- The average Linear Low Density Polyethylene price for the quarter was approximately USD 754.67/MT delivered.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price weakened as imports and subdued converter orders eroded demand.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Forecast expects modest declines into Q1 as export interest remains constrained.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Production Cost Trend eased as ethylene softened, reducing input cost pressure modestly.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Demand Outlook remains subdued as construction and automotive sectors postpone purchases.
- High plant operating rates sustained supply, and freight adjustments failed to revive prompt buying interest.
- Rising inventories constrained leverage as weak Asian export demand and cautious converters limited spot transactions.
Why did the price of Linear Low Density Polyethylene change in December 2025 in MEA?
- Resumed Saudi production and competitive imports swelled regional supply, exerting downside pressure on December prices.
- Falling ethylene feedstock costs reduced production expenses, removing cost-side support for resin offers in December.
- Weak export demand with cautious converter procurement constrained drawdowns, leaving inventories elevated and limiting recovery.
South America
- In Brazil, the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index fell by 12.97% quarter-over-quarter, driven by aggressive import competition.
- The average Linear Low Density Polyethylene price for the quarter was approximately USD 1000.00/MT reported.
- Exporters cleared stock, pressuring the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price and compressing domestic seller margins.
- Inventory overhang and weak offtake shaped the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Forecast for near-term stability.
- Falling US feedstock costs altered the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Production Cost Trend, enabling aggressive export pricing.
- Muted activity across packaging and automotive weakened the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Demand Outlook and restrained buying.
- The Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index volatility eased as logistical improvements and stable domestic runs reduced short term spikes.
- Distributors liquidated excess inventory near quarter end, supporting the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price slightly before stabilization.
Why did the price of Linear Low Density Polyethylene change in December 2025 in South America?
- Surplus imports from Asia and the US undercut local offers, expanding supply and pressuring domestic parity.
- Downstream demand remained subdued across packaging, automotive and construction, limiting offtake and preventing inventory rebuilds.
- Lower international feedstock prices and competitive freight economics enabled exporters to offer deeper discounts to Brazil.
For the Quarter Ending September 2025
North America
- In USA, the LLDPE Price Index fell by 4.97% quarter-over-quarter, reflecting easing demand and downstream activity.
- The average LLDPE price for the quarter was approximately USD 1014.00/MT, reflecting domestic and export demand dynamics.
- LLDPE Spot Price volatility eased as producer offers stayed firm and buyers maintained procurement strategies.
- LLDPE Price Forecast shows modest near-term weakness as elevated inventories and subdued offshore demand persist.
- LLDPE Production Cost Trend remained contained from steady ethylene feedstock and stable energy inputs nationwide.
- LLDPE Demand Outlook is mixed with packaging holding but construction and automotive demand remaining weak.
- LLDPE Price Index movements reflected logistical congestion early in the quarter and improved distribution efficiencies.
- Export demand weakness and high domestic stocks pressured offers; Gulf Coast plants maintained operating rates.
Why did the price of LLDPE change in September 2025 in North America?
- Ample domestic inventories and subdued exporter inquiries reduced urgency for buying, pressuring offers lower materially.
- Steady ethylene feedstock prices constrained cost-driven increases, therefore supporting neutral margins across most producers near-term.
- Improved inland logistics and maintained plant runs prevented shortages, moderating volatility despite localized freight disruptions.
APAC
- In Japan, the LLDPE Price Index fell by 9.97% quarter-over-quarter, reflecting persistent oversupply and muted downstream demand.
- The average LLDPE price for the quarter was approximately USD 1972.00/MT, reflecting mixed dynamics regionally.
- LLDPE Spot Price movements were volatile mid-quarter as rising ethylene elevated the LLDPE Production Cost Trend.
- LLDPE Demand Outlook remains subdued, causing the LLDPE Price Index to show downward pressure despite construction support.
- Near-term LLDPE Price Forecast suggests range-bound movement, influenced by export flows and seasonal restocking for festivals.
- Naphtha and ethylene swings underpin the LLDPE Production Cost Trend, intermittently supporting sellers against weak buying.
- Elevated inventories pressured offers, while export demand provided relief sporadically impacting the LLDPE Spot Price.
- Major plants ran steady; freight frictions and yen volatility influenced margins and the domestic LLDPE Price Index.
Why did the price of LLDPE change in September 2025 in APAC?
- Supply remained ample as crackers operated at regular rates, creating surplus LLDPE and downward pressure on pricing.
- Falling ethylene and naphtha reduced cost support, weakening sellers' ability to sustain previous offers in domestic markets.
- Logistics delays, holiday shutdowns and cautious converter procurement dampened spot activity, limiting absorption of available inventories.
Europe
- In Germany, Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index fell by 9.56% quarter-over-quarter, reflecting weak demand.
- The average Linear Low Density Polyethylene price for the quarter was approximately USD 1170.00/MT delivered locally.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price weakened as imports and inventories pressured the Price Index.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Forecast projects gains as seasonal packaging restocking tightens spot availability.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Production Cost Trend eased as ethylene and naphtha costs declined moderately.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Demand Outlook remains muted with construction lagging despite packaging sector resilience.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index volatility reflected cautious buying, logistical surcharges, euro fluctuations affecting imports.
- Elevated inventories and steady cracker runs limited upside while selective export demand tightened prompt availability.
Why did the price of Linear Low Density Polyethylene change in September 2025 in Europe?
- Abundant ethylene and steady cracker output increased supply, overwhelming muted converter demand locally.
- Freight surcharges and euro weakness raised landed import costs, offsetting lower ethylene production costs.
- Cautious buyers and ample inventories, combined with competitive imports, limited restocking urgency significantly.
MEA
- In Saudi Arabia, the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index fell by 6.3% quarter-over-quarter, oversupply.
- The average Linear Low Density Polyethylene price for the quarter was approximately USD 898.33/MT value.
- Import competition and freight volatility pressured the Linear Low Density Polyethylene Spot Price, reducing netbacks.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Forecast indicates sideways to softer values amid weak Asian demand.
- Stable ethylene contracts kept Linear Low Density Polyethylene Production Cost Trend benign, limiting market pressure.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Demand Outlook is cautious; converters procure hand-to-mouth amid subdued downstream activity.
- Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Index reflected downward bias as inventories increased and offers softened.
- Export demand weakness and freight costs curtailed offtake, shaping Linear Low Density Polyethylene Price Forecast.
Why did the price of Linear Low Density Polyethylene change in September 2025 in MEA?
- Resumed full-capacity production increased supply, overwhelming regional offtake and pressuring market Price Index downward notably.
- Flat ethylene feedstock costs limited cost-push support while elevated freight and import competition reduced demand.
- Buyers delayed large spot purchases, adopting hand-to-mouth procurement as inventories rose and downstream demand softened.
South America
- In Brazil, the LLDPE Price Index fell by 4.67% quarter-over-quarter, reflecting weaker demand and ample imports.
- The average LLDPE price for the quarter was approximately USD 1149.00/MT, supported by steady US import offers.
- Balanced import flows and inventory accumulation anchored the LLDPE Spot Price, constraining upward momentum short-term.
- Regional logistics improvements eased landed costs, moderating the LLDPE Production Cost Trend modestly this quarter.
- Converter buying restraint and seasonal slowdowns shaped the LLDPE Demand Outlook, keeping offtake subdued regionally.
- Market intelligence and smoother shipping informed the LLDPE Price Forecast, indicating near-term range-bound behaviour overall.
- Stable operations at regional producers restrained volatility in the LLDPE Price Index, limiting acute spikes.
- High inventories and competitive US export offers pressured sellers, constraining bids and transactional volumes sharply.
Why did the price of LLDPE change in September 2025 in South America?
- Consistent US import arrivals maintained supply, reducing upward pressure on CIF parity and domestic offers.
- Subdued converter purchasing and seasonal slowdowns reduced offtake, amplifying inventory-driven downward pressure during September month-end.
- Lower ethylene costs and improved freight lowered production burdens, limiting cost-push inflation in the region.
- Weak automotive, textile procurement and exporters clearing stock created bearish sentiment, widening arbitrage into UAE.
For the Quarter Ending June 2025
North America
- The LLDPE Spot Price in the U.S. declined by 1% during Q2 2025, reflected in a softening Price Index driven by ample domestic availability and weak buying interest.
- The LLDPE Production Cost Trend remained stable despite fluctuations in feedstock ethylene costs, as producers managed operations and inventories efficiently.
- Export volumes dropped following tariff disruptions, and domestic demand from packaging, construction, and automotive sectors stayed muted, influencing a cautious procurement environment.
- The LLDPE Demand Outlook for early Q3 remains balanced but underwhelming, with market participants awaiting more clarity on trade policies and broader economic indicators.
Why did the price of LLDPE change in July 2025 in North America?
- In July 2025, the LLDPE Spot Price declined due to excess supply and subdued downstream offtake.
- The LLDPE Production Cost Trend was stable, but weak margins led sellers to offer discounts.
- The LLDPE Demand Outlook stayed cautious amid trade-related uncertainties and slow construction activity.
- The LLDPE Price Forecast suggests limited near-term upside unless stronger demand emerges across packaging and infrastructure sectors.
APAC
- The LLDPE Price Index in Indonesia declined by 3% in Q2 2025, with the LLDPE Spot Price falling due to abundant low-cost imported material, primarily from China and the Middle East.
- The LLDPE Production Cost Trend stayed mostly steady, as lower logistics costs and limited feedstock volatility kept producer expenses in check.
- The LLDPE Demand Outlook remained soft, with cautious procurement across packaging, construction, and automotive sectors, despite minor signs of recovery in Indonesia’s housing programs.
- Trade sentiment was subdued due to geopolitical uncertainties, muted economic signals from China, and seasonal downstream inactivity.
Why did the price of LLDPE change in July 2025 in Asia?
- In July 2025, the LLDPE Spot Price in Indonesia declined as abundant supply met weak downstream demand.
- The LLDPE Production Cost Trend was steady, supported by declining freight rates and stable energy prices.
- The LLDPE Demand Outlook stayed underwhelming due to slow order volumes from converters and continued inventory caution.
- The LLDPE Price Forecast remains mildly bearish unless stronger consumption emerges from key sectors like construction and flexible packaging.
Europe
- The LLDPE Price Index in Europe declined significantly in Q2 2025, with persistent market oversupply and subdued downstream consumption driving the downturn.
- The LLDPE Production Cost Trend eased due to lower feedstock ethylene prices and softened energy costs, which, however, failed to offset weak market fundamentals.
- The LLDPE Demand Outlook remained muted, especially in packaging, construction, and automotive sectors, with limited spot market activity and cautious procurement across buyers.
- Ample availability of competitively priced imports from the U.S. and Turkey, along with delayed restocking, further contributed to a soft trading environment.
Why did the price of LLDPE change in July 2025 in Europe?
- The LLDPE Spot Price decreased in early July due to buyer hesitation, high inventories, and subdued spot market activity.
- The LLDPE Production Cost Trend remained favorable, with feedstock ethylene prices easing and upstream costs stabilizing.
- The LLDPE Demand Outlook stayed weak amid limited downstream orders, especially in construction and packaging, despite isolated signs of civil engineering recovery.
- The LLDPE Price Forecast indicates continued mild bearishness, shaped by cautious sentiment, adequate supply, and weak summer demand.
MEA
- The LLDPE Price Index in Saudi Arabia declined by 14% quarter-over-quarter in Q2 2025, driven by persistent oversupply and muted regional demand.
- The LLDPE Production Cost Trend remained soft, supported by low feedstock ethylene and naphtha values, enabling producers to maintain output with minimal margin pressure.
- The LLDPE Demand Outlook was weak across domestic and export markets, as downstream sectors like construction and packaging showed restrained procurement despite government infrastructure projects.
- Export demand from key destinations like Asia and Turkey remained subdued due to evolving U.S. trade policies, global shipping constraints, and logistical disruptions, weighing on market sentiment.
Why did the price of LLDPE change in July 2025 in MEA?
- The LLDPE Spot Price declined due to falling crude prices, abundant supply, and subdued offtake from both domestic and overseas markets.
- The LLDPE Production Cost Trend remained stable, anchored by sufficient feedstock availability and improving industrial output.
- The LLDPE Demand Outlook stayed cautious, with seasonal slowdowns, labor shortages, and slow project execution limiting downstream consumption.
- The LLDPE Price Forecast remains weak, shaped by ongoing external pressures, soft global demand, and a surplus supply situation.
South America
- The LLDPE Price in Brazil declined by 1% quarter-over-quarter in Q2 2025, reflecting a softening in the regional Price Index amid changing trade dynamics and inconsistent downstream demand.
- Importers grew increasingly cautious following tariff announcements from the U.S. government, Brazil’s primary supplier. This led to reduced exposure to U.S.-origin material, weighing on the Demand Outlook and prompting suppliers to lower prices to maintain market share.
- The LLDPE Production Cost Trend remained steady, but competitive import pricing and concerns over potential antidumping measures pressured domestic producers like Braskem to hold or reduce prices.
- In July 2025, the LLDPE price decreased primarily due to surplus availability, muted procurement activity in packaging and construction sectors, and inflation-related cost sensitivity across the supply chain.
Why did the price of LLDPE change in July 2025 in South America?
- In July 2025, the LLDPE Spot Price in Brazil declined due to reduced U.S. import dependency, steady production rates, and subdued demand.
- The LLDPE Price Forecast points to cautious upward potential, contingent on any enforcement of antidumping duties or supply disruptions.
- A soft Demand Outlook from packaging and construction limited buying momentum despite stable infrastructure activity and moderate automotive recovery.
- The LLDPE Production Cost Trend stayed unchanged, but falling import costs and competitive international offers contributed to the downward pricing pressure.
